CAR-T用于实体瘤面仍临多重挑战。
目前临床试验中使用的多为肿瘤相关抗原(TAA),如间皮素(MSLN)、表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)、紧密连接蛋白Claudin18.2(CLDN18.2)等,但TAA在部分正常组织中也有表达,这给CAR-T细胞疗法带来了脱靶风险和安全性问题。
血液瘤通常表达单一的、特异性的肿瘤相关抗原,因此针对相关抗原的CAR-T可以全面、高效地杀伤血液瘤细胞,而实体瘤则具有显著的抗原异质性,不同患者个体间或者同一患者体内不同部位肿瘤细胞间在免疫特性、生长速度、侵袭能力等表型方面存在显著差异,导致同一款CAR-T只能杀死部分实体瘤细胞,残存的肿瘤细胞继续增殖转移,是肿瘤抗原逃逸,复发,产生耐受的重要原因。
肿瘤微环境存在着抑制性的免疫细胞(Treg,MDSC等)、抑制性的细胞因子(IL-10、TGF-β等)均会抑制进入肿瘤内部的CAR-T细胞活性,肿瘤细胞还能够通过抗原缺失、共刺激信号异常、MHC类分子表达低下以及表达免疫检查点分子(PD-L1,B7等)来降低CAR-T细胞活性,导致TME中的免疫耐受。此外,肿瘤细胞糖酵解使TME呈现缺氧、酸性、营养耗竭的状态,导致CAR-T效应功能因缺少能量而受损,而肿瘤血管结构不规则、间质液压力升高等特点对CAR-T细胞形成物理屏障,使其难以有效归巢和浸润到肿瘤。
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